Bind Key action: Return

Bind Key action: Return

from Tkinter import *

root = Tk()
def greet(*ignore): print 'Hello World'
root.bind('', greet)
root.mainloop()

[ Read More ]

Write CSV File Using Python

import csv
spamWriter = csv.writer(open('eggs.csv', 'w'), delimiter=' ',
                        quotechar='|', quoting=QUOTE_MINIMAL)
spamWriter.writerow(['Spam'] * 5 + ['Baked Beans'])
spamWriter.writerow(['Spam', 'Lovely Spam', 'Wonderful Spam'])

[ Read More ]

Read CSV File using Python

import csv
spamReader = csv.reader(open('eggs.csv'), delimiter=' ', quotechar='|')
for row in spamReader:
    print ', '.join(row)
# Spam, Spam, Spam, Spam, Spam, Baked Beans
# Spam, Lovely Spam, Wonderful Spam

[ Read More ]

Create an HTML message with an alternative plain text version

Here is a Python Program to create an HTML message with an alternative plain text version

#!/usr/bin/env python

import smtplib

from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.mime.text import MIMEText

# me == my email address
# you == recipient's email address
me = "my@email.com"
you = "your@email.com"

# Create message container - the correct MIME type is multipart/alternative.
msg = MIMEMultipart('alternative')
msg['Subject'] = "Link"
msg['From'] = me
msg['To'] = you

# Create the body of the message (a plain-text and an HTML version).
text = "Hi!\nHow are you?\nHere is the link you wanted:\nhttp://www.python.org"
html = """\

  
  
    
Hi!

       How are you?

       Here is the link you wanted.
    
  

"""

# Record the MIME types of both parts - text/plain and text/html.
part1 = MIMEText(text, 'plain')
part2 = MIMEText(html, 'html')

# Attach parts into message container.
# According to RFC 2046, the last part of a multipart message, in this case
# the HTML message, is best and preferred.
msg.attach(part1)
msg.attach(part2)

# Send the message via local SMTP server.
s = smtplib.SMTP('localhost')
# sendmail function takes 3 arguments: sender's address, recipient's address
# and message to send - here it is sent as one string.
s.sendmail(me, you, msg.as_string())
s.quit()

[ Read More ]

To Send the entire contents of directory as an email Message.

Here is a Python Program to send the entire contents of a directory as an email message

#!/usr/bin/env python

"""Send the contents of a directory as a MIME message."""

import os
import sys
import smtplib
# For guessing MIME type based on file name extension
import mimetypes

from optparse import OptionParser

from email import encoders
from email.message import Message
from email.mime.audio import MIMEAudio
from email.mime.base import MIMEBase
from email.mime.image import MIMEImage
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.mime.text import MIMEText

COMMASPACE = ', '


def main():
    parser = OptionParser(usage="""\
Send the contents of a directory as a MIME message.

Usage: %prog [options]

Unless the -o option is given, the email is sent by forwarding to your local
SMTP server, which then does the normal delivery process.  Your local machine
must be running an SMTP server.
""")
    parser.add_option('-d', '--directory',
                      type='string', action='store',
                      help="""Mail the contents of the specified directory,
                      otherwise use the current directory.  Only the regular
                      files in the directory are sent, and we don't recurse to
                      subdirectories.""")
    parser.add_option('-o', '--output',
                      type='string', action='store', metavar='FILE',
                      help="""Print the composed message to FILE instead of
                      sending the message to the SMTP server.""")
    parser.add_option('-s', '--sender',
                      type='string', action='store', metavar='SENDER',
                      help='The value of the From: header (required)')
    parser.add_option('-r', '--recipient',
                      type='string', action='append', metavar='RECIPIENT',
                      default=[], dest='recipients',
                      help='A To: header value (at least one required)')
    opts, args = parser.parse_args()
    if not opts.sender or not opts.recipients:
        parser.print_help()
        sys.exit(1)
    directory = opts.directory
    if not directory:
        directory = '.'
    # Create the enclosing (outer) message
    outer = MIMEMultipart()
    outer['Subject'] = 'Contents of directory %s' % os.path.abspath(directory)
    outer['To'] = COMMASPACE.join(opts.recipients)
    outer['From'] = opts.sender
    outer.preamble = 'You will not see this in a MIME-aware mail reader.\n'

    for filename in os.listdir(directory):
        path = os.path.join(directory, filename)
        if not os.path.isfile(path):
            continue
        # Guess the content type based on the file's extension.  Encoding
        # will be ignored, although we should check for simple things like
        # gzip'd or compressed files.
        ctype, encoding = mimetypes.guess_type(path)
        if ctype is None or encoding is not None:
            # No guess could be made, or the file is encoded (compressed), so
            # use a generic bag-of-bits type.
            ctype = 'application/octet-stream'
        maintype, subtype = ctype.split('/', 1)
        if maintype == 'text':
            fp = open(path)
            # Note: we should handle calculating the charset
            msg = MIMEText(fp.read(), _subtype=subtype)
            fp.close()
        elif maintype == 'image':
            fp = open(path, 'rb')
            msg = MIMEImage(fp.read(), _subtype=subtype)
            fp.close()
        elif maintype == 'audio':
            fp = open(path, 'rb')
            msg = MIMEAudio(fp.read(), _subtype=subtype)
            fp.close()
        else:
            fp = open(path, 'rb')
            msg = MIMEBase(maintype, subtype)
            msg.set_payload(fp.read())
            fp.close()
            # Encode the payload using Base64
            encoders.encode_base64(msg)
        # Set the filename parameter
        msg.add_header('Content-Disposition', 'attachment', filename=filename)
        outer.attach(msg)
    # Now send or store the message
    composed = outer.as_string()
    if opts.output:
        fp = open(opts.output, 'w')
        fp.write(composed)
        fp.close()
    else:
        s = smtplib.SMTP('localhost')
        s.sendmail(opts.sender, opts.recipients, composed)
        s.quit()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

[ Read More ]

To send mail containing Pictures | Python Example

Here is a Python Program to send a MIME message containing a bunch of family pictures that may be residing in a directory

# Import smtplib for the actual sending function
import smtplib

# Here are the email package modules we'll need
from email.mime.image import MIMEImage
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart

COMMASPACE = ', '

# Create the container (outer) email message.
msg = MIMEMultipart()
msg['Subject'] = 'Our family reunion'
# me == the sender's email address
# family = the list of all recipients' email addresses
msg['From'] = me
msg['To'] = COMMASPACE.join(family)
msg.preamble = 'Our family reunion'

# Assume we know that the image files are all in PNG format
for file in pngfiles:
    # Open the files in binary mode.  Let the MIMEImage class automatically
    # guess the specific image type.
    fp = open(file, 'rb')
    img = MIMEImage(fp.read())
    fp.close()
    msg.attach(img)

# Send the email via our own SMTP server.
s = smtplib.SMTP('localhost')
s.sendmail(me, family, msg.as_string())
s.quit()

[ Read More ]

How to create and send a simple text message

Here is a Python Program to create and send a simple text message:

# Import smtplib for the actual sending function
import smtplib

# Import the email modules we'll need
from email.mime.text import MIMEText

# Open a plain text file for reading.  For this example, assume that
# the text file contains only ASCII characters.
fp = open(textfile, 'rb')
# Create a text/plain message
msg = MIMEText(fp.read())
fp.close()

# me == the sender's email address
# you == the recipient's email address
msg['Subject'] = 'The contents of %s' % textfile
msg['From'] = me
msg['To'] = you

# Send the message via our own SMTP server, but don't include the
# envelope header.
s = smtplib.SMTP('localhost')
s.sendmail(me, [you], msg.as_string())
s.quit()

[ Read More ]

Close a file after using | Python Example

import sys       
       
def open_file(file_name, mode):
    """Open a file."""
    try:
        the_file = open(file_name, mode)
    except(IOError), e:
        print "Unable to open the file", file_name, "Ending program.\n", e
        raw_input("\n\nPress the enter key to exit.")
        sys.exit()
    else:
        return the_file


def next_line(the_file):
    """Return next line from the trivia file, formatted."""
    line = the_file.readline()
    line = line.replace("/", "\n")
    return line

trivia_file = open_file("trivia.txt", "r")
title = next_line(trivia_file)
trivia_file.close()

[ Read More ]

Python Program to Close the File

Here is a Python Program to Close the File

# Open files consume system resources, and depending on the file mode, 
# other programs may not be able to access them. 

# It's important to close files as soon as you're finished with them, as shown in 
# 

f = open("/music/_singles/kairo.mp3", "rb")        

print f.closed                                     

f.close()                                          
print f 

print f.closed                                     

# The closed attribute of a file object indicates whether the object has 
# a file open or not. In this case, the file is still open (closed is False).

[ Read More ]

Python Program to Reading Binary Files

Here is a Python Program to Reading Binary Files

f = open("/music/_singles/kairo.mp3", "rb")        

print f

print f.tell()                                     

f.seek(-128, 2)                                    
print f.tell()                                     

tagData = f.read(128)                              
print tagData 

print f.tell()                                     

[ Read More ]

Python Program to Working with Directories

Here is a Python Program to Working with Directories

# The os.path module has several functions for manipulating files and directories. 
# Here, we'll look at handling pathnames and listing the contents of a directory. 


import os 

print os.path.join("c:\\yourfolder\\", "yourfile.txt")


print os.path.join("c:\\yourfolder", "yourfile.txt")  

os.path.expanduser("~")                            

print os.path.join(os.path.expanduser("~"), "Python")

# os.path is a reference to a module-which module depends on your platform. Just 
# as getpass encapsulates differences between platforms by setting getpass to a 
# platform-specific function, os encapsulates differences between platforms by 
# setting path to a platform-specific module.

[ Read More ]

Python Program to Change Directory

Here is a Python Program to Change Directory

import os

os.chdir('/server/accesslogs')

#Be sure to use the "import os" style instead of "from os import *". This will keep 
#os.open() from shadowing the builtin open() function which operates much 
#differently.

[ Read More ]

Listing Directories with glob | Python Examples

Here is a Python Program to Listing Directories with glob

import os



os.listdir("c:\\")                

import glob 


glob.glob('c:\\*.mp3')            


glob.glob('c:\\*.mp3')           

glob.glob('c:\\c\\*\\*.mp3')

[ Read More ]

Python Program to Listing Directories

Here is a Python Program to Listing Directories

import os 

os.listdir("c:\\")                

dirname = "c:\\" 

os.listdir(dirname)                                

print [f for f in os.listdir(dirname) if os.path.isfile(os.path.join(dirname, f))]        [3] 

print [f for f in os.listdir(dirname) if os.path.isdir(os.path.join(dirname, f))]            [4] 

[ Read More ]

Mail Alert using SMTP in python

To send E-Mail from Python script using SMTP protocol

import smtplib
#to send the email to concerned persons
def Send_Mail(TEXT):

 sender = 'sender_mail_address in single quotes '
 receivers = ['firstperson mailaddress in single quotes ','secondperson mail address in single quotes ']

 # Prepare actual message

 message = "Subject:ALERT!\n"
 message=message+TEXT
    try:
  smtpObj = smtplib.SMTP(' SMTP MAIL SERVER in single quotes ',25)
  smtpObj.sendmail(sender, receivers, message)         
  smtpObj.close()
 except smtplib.SMTPConnectError:
  print "Error: unable to send email by connect"
    except smtplib.SMTPException:
  print "Error: unable to send email"

#main
Send_Mail("enter you text here..") 

[ Read More ]

Inserting into MySQL Database Using Python Program

import MySQLdb

db= MySQLdb.connect(host="localhost", user="python-test", passwd="python",
db="python-test")
try:
    title = raw_input("Please enter a book title: ")
    if title == "" :
        exit
    author = raw_input("Please enter the author's name: ")
    pubdate = int( raw_input("Enter the publication year: ") )
except:
    print "Invalid value"
    exit

print "Title: [" + title + "]"
print "Author: ["+ author + "]"
print "Publication Date: " + str(pubdate)

cursor = db.cursor()

stmt = "INSERT INTO Books (BookName, BookAuthor, PublicationDate) VALUES ('"
stmt = stmt + title
stmt = stmt + "', '"
stmt = stmt + author
stmt = stmt + "', "
stmt = stmt + str(pubdate)
stmt = stmt + ")"
cursor.execute(stmt)
print "Record added!"

cursor.close ()
db.commit ()

[ Read More ]

Updating a MySQL Database with Python Language | Python Example

import MySQLdb
import MySQLdb.cursors

def get_column_name( data, prompt, names ) :
    value=-1
    while value == -1:
        idx = 1
        for col in data :
            print str(idx) + ": " + col
            names.append( col )
            idx = idx + 1
        value = int( raw_input(prompt) )
        if value < 1 or value >= idx :
            value = -1
    return value


conn = MySQLdb.Connect(
    host='localhost', user='python-test',
    passwd='python', db='python-test')
cursor = conn.cursor(cursorclass=MySQLdb.cursors.DictCursor)

cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM books")
data = cursor.fetchone()

names = []
old_value = get_column_name( data, "Which column do you want to change records for? ", names )
names = []
new_value = get_column_name( data, "Which column do you want to change records to? ", names )

old_val = raw_input("What value do you want to change for " + names[old_value-1] + ": ")
new_val = raw_input("What value do you want to change to for " + names[new_value-1] + ": ")

stmt = "UPDATE books SET " + names[new_value-1] + " = '"+ new_val + "' WHERE " + names[old_value-1] + " = '" + old_val + "'"
print stmt
cursor.execute(stmt)
print "Rows affected: " + str(cursor.rowcount)


cursor.close()
conn.commit()
conn.close()

[ Read More ]

Reading Data from MySQL Database | Python Example

 import MySQLdb

db= MySQLdb.connect(host="localhost", user="python-test", passwd="python",
db="python-test")

cursor = db.cursor()
stmt = "SELECT * from books"
cursor.execute(stmt)

rows = cursor.fetchall ()
for row in rows:
    print "Row: "
    for col in row :
        print "Column: %s" % (col)
    print "End of Row"
print "Number of rows returned: %d" % cursor.rowcount

cursor.close()

db.close()

[ Read More ]

LED Control Using Python Program

#/*
#Python and Tkinter Programming
#John E. Grayson

#ISBN: 1884777813
#Publisher: Manning
#*/
from Tkinter   import *

SQUARE      = 1
ROUND       = 2
ARROW       = 3

POINT_DOWN  = 0
POINT_UP    = 1
POINT_RIGHT = 2
POINT_LEFT  = 3

STATUS_OFF   = 1
STATUS_ON    = 2
STATUS_WARN  = 3
STATUS_ALARM = 4
STATUS_SET   = 5

class DummyClass:
    pass

Color  = DummyClass()

Color.PANEL     = '#545454'
Color.OFF       = '#656565'
Color.ON        = '#00FF33'
Color.WARN      = '#ffcc00'
Color.ALARM     = '#ff4422'

class LED:
    def __init__(self, master=None, width=25, height=25, 
                 appearance=FLAT,
                 status=STATUS_ON, bd=1, 
                 bg=None, 
                 shape=SQUARE, outline="",
                 blink=0, blinkrate=1,
                 orient=POINT_UP,
                 takefocus=0):
        # preserve attributes
        self.master       = master
        self.shape        = shape
        self.onColor      = Color.ON
        self.offColor     = Color.OFF
        self.alarmColor   = Color.ALARM
        self.warningColor = Color.WARN
        self.specialColor = '#00ffdd'
        self.status       = status
        self.blink        = blink
        self.blinkrate    = int(blinkrate)
        self.on           = 0
        self.onState      = None

        if not bg:
            bg = Color.PANEL

        ## Base frame to contain light
        self.frame=Frame(master, relief=appearance, bg=bg, bd=bd, 
                         takefocus=takefocus)

        basesize = width
        d = center = int(basesize/2)

        if self.shape == SQUARE:
            self.canvas=Canvas(self.frame, height=height, width=width, 
                               bg=bg, bd=0, highlightthickness=0)

            self.light=self.canvas.create_rectangle(0, 0, width, height,
                                                    fill=Color.ON)
        elif self.shape == ROUND:
            r = int((basesize-2)/2)
            self.canvas=Canvas(self.frame, width=width, height=width, 
                               highlightthickness=0, bg=bg, bd=0)
            if bd > 0:
                self.border=self.canvas.create_oval(center-r, center-r, 
                                                    center+r, center+r)
                r = r - bd
            self.light=self.canvas.create_oval(center-r-1, center-r-1, 
                               center+r, center+r, fill=Color.ON,
                               outline=outline)
        else:  # Default is an ARROW
            self.canvas=Canvas(self.frame, width=width, height=width,
                               highlightthickness=0, bg=bg, bd=0)
            x = d
            y = d
            if orient == POINT_DOWN:
                self.light=self.canvas.create_polygon(x-d,y-d, x,y+d,
                               x+d,y-d, x-d,y-d, outline=outline)
            elif orient == POINT_UP:
                self.light=self.canvas.create_polygon(x,y-d, x-d,y+d,
                               x+d,y+d, x,y-d, outline=outline)
            elif orient == POINT_RIGHT:
                self.light=self.canvas.create_polygon(x-d,y-d, x+d,y,
                               x-d,y+d, x-d,y-d, outline=outline)
            elif orient == POINT_LEFT:
                self.light=self.canvas.create_polygon(x-d,y, x+d,y+d,
                               x+d,y-d, x-d,y, outline=outline)

        self.canvas.pack(side=TOP, fill=X, expand=NO)
        self.update()

    def turnon(self):
        self.status = STATUS_ON
        if not self.blink: self.update()

    def turnoff(self):
        self.status = STATUS_OFF
        if not self.blink: self.update()

    def alarm(self):
        self.status = STATUS_ALARM
        if not self.blink: self.update()

    def warn(self):
        self.status = STATUS_WARN
        if not self.blink: self.update()

    def set(self, color):
        self.status       = STATUS_SET
        self.specialColor = color
        self.update()

    def blinkon(self):
        if not self.blink:
            self.blink   = 1
            self.onState = self.status
            self.update()

    def blinkoff(self):
        if self.blink:
            self.blink   = 0
            self.status  = self.onState
            self.onState = None
            self.on      = 0
            self.update()

    def blinkstate(self, blinkstate):
        if blinkstate:
            self.blinkon()
        else:
            self.blinkoff()

    def update(self):
        # First do the blink, if set to blink
        if self.blink:
            if self.on:
                if not self.onState:
                    self.onState = self.status
                self.status  = STATUS_OFF
                self.on      = 0                            
            else:
                if self.onState:
                    self.status = self.onState     # Current ON color
                self.on = 1

        if self.status == STATUS_ON:
            self.canvas.itemconfig(self.light, fill=self.onColor)
        elif self.status == STATUS_OFF:
            self.canvas.itemconfig(self.light, fill=self.offColor)
        elif self.status == STATUS_WARN:
            self.canvas.itemconfig(self.light, fill=self.warningColor)
        elif self.status == STATUS_SET:
            self.canvas.itemconfig(self.light, fill=self.specialColor)
        else:
            self.canvas.itemconfig(self.light, fill=self.alarmColor)

        self.canvas.update_idletasks()

        if self.blink:
            self.frame.after(self.blinkrate * 1000, self.update)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    class TestLEDs(Frame):
        def __init__(self, parent=None):

            # List of Colors and Blink On/Off
            states = [(STATUS_OFF,   0),     
                      (STATUS_ON,    0),
                      (STATUS_WARN,  0),
                      (STATUS_ALARM, 0),
                      (STATUS_SET,   0),
                      (STATUS_ON,    1),
                      (STATUS_WARN,  1),
                      (STATUS_ALARM, 1),
                      (STATUS_SET,   1)]

            # List of LED types to display,
            # with sizes and other attributes
            leds = [(ROUND,  25, 25, FLAT,   0, None,        ""),
                    (ROUND,  15, 15, RAISED, 1, None,        ""),
                    (SQUARE, 20, 20, SUNKEN, 1, None,        ""),
                    (SQUARE,  8,  8, FLAT,   0, None,        ""),
                    (SQUARE,  8,  8, RAISED, 1, None,        ""),
                    (SQUARE, 16,  8, FLAT,   1, None,        ""),
                    (ARROW,  14, 14, RIDGE,  1, POINT_UP,    ""),
                    (ARROW,  14, 14, RIDGE,  0, POINT_RIGHT, ""),
                    (ARROW,  14, 14, FLAT,   0, POINT_DOWN,  "white")]

            Frame.__init__(self)              # Do superclass init
            self.pack()
            self.master.title('LED Example - Stage 1')

            # Iterate for each type of led
            for shape, w, h, app, bd, orient, outline in leds:
                frame = Frame(self, bg=Color.PANEL)
                frame.pack(anchor=N, expand=YES, fill=X)

                # Iterate for selected states
                for state, blink in states:
                    LED(frame, shape=shape, status=state,
                        width=w, height=h, appearance=app,
                        orient=orient, blink=blink, bd=bd, 
                        outline=outline).frame.pack(side=LEFT,
                                      expand=YES, padx=1, pady=1)

TestLEDs().mainloop()

[ Read More ]

Make a Simple Calculator using Python Language | Python Example

Make a Simple Calculator using Python Language

from Tkinter   import *
import Pmw, string

class SLabel(Frame):
    """ SLabel defines a 2-sided label within a Frame. The
        left hand label has blue letters the right has white letters """
    def __init__(self, master, leftl, rightl):
        Frame.__init__(self, master, bg='gray40')
        self.pack(side=LEFT, expand=YES, fill=BOTH)
        Label(self, text=leftl, fg='steelblue1',
                     font=("arial", 6, "bold"), width=5, bg='gray40').pack(
                         side=LEFT, expand=YES, fill=BOTH)
        Label(self, text=rightl, fg='white',
                     font=("arial", 6, "bold"), width=1, bg='gray40').pack(
                         side=RIGHT, expand=YES, fill=BOTH)

class Key(Button):
    def __init__(self, master, font=('arial', 8, 'bold'), 
                 fg='white',width=5, borderwidth=5, **kw):
        kw['font'] = font
        kw['fg'] = fg
        kw['width'] = width
        kw['borderwidth'] = borderwidth
        apply(Button.__init__, (self, master), kw)
        self.pack(side=LEFT, expand=NO, fill=NONE)
        
class Calculator(Frame):
    def __init__(self, parent=None):
        Frame.__init__(self, bg='gray40')
        self.pack(expand=YES, fill=BOTH)
        self.master.title('Tkinter Toolkit TT-42')
        self.master.iconname('Tk-42')
        self.calc = Evaluator()        # This is our evaluator
        self.buildCalculator()         # Build the widgets
        # This is an incomplete dictionary - a good exercise!
        self.actionDict = {'second': self.doThis, 'mode':    self.doThis,
                           'delete': self.doThis, 'alpha':   self.doThis,
                           'stat':   self.doThis, 'math':    self.doThis,
                           'matrix': self.doThis, 'program': self.doThis,
                           'vars':   self.doThis, 'clear':   self.clearall,
                           'sin':    self.doThis, 'cos':     self.doThis,
                           'tan':    self.doThis, 'up':      self.doThis,
                           'X1':     self.doThis, 'X2':      self.doThis,
                           'log':    self.doThis, 'ln':      self.doThis,
                           'store':  self.doThis, 'off':     self.turnoff,
                           'neg':    self.doThis, 'enter':   self.doEnter,
                           }
        self.current = ""
                           
    def doThis(self,action):
        print '"%s" has not been implemented' % action
        
    def turnoff(self, *args):
        self.quit()

    def clearall(self, *args):
        self.current = ""
        self.display.component('text').delete(1.0, END)

    def doEnter(self, *args):
        result = self.calc.runpython(self.current)
        if result:
            self.display.insert(END, '\n')
            self.display.insert(END, '%s\n' % result, 'ans')
        self.current = ""
         
    def doKeypress(self, event):
        key = event.char
        if not key in ['\b']:
            self.current = self.current + event.char
        if key == '\b':
            self.current = self.current[:-1]
              
    def keyAction(self, key):
        self.display.insert(END, key)
        self.current = self.current + key
         
    def evalAction(self, action):
  try:
            self.actionDict[action](action)
  except KeyError:
            pass

    def buildCalculator(self):
        FUN   = 1            # Designates a Function
        KEY   = 0            # Designates a Key
        KC1   = 'gray30'     # Dark Keys
        KC2   = 'gray50'     # Light Keys
        KC3   = 'steelblue1' # Light Blue Key
        KC4   = 'steelblue'  # Dark Blue Key
        keys = [
            [('2nd',  '',     '',  KC3, FUN, 'second'),  # Row 1
             ('Mode', 'Quit', '',  KC1, FUN, 'mode'),
             ('Del',  'Ins',  '',  KC1, FUN, 'delete'),
             ('Alpha','Lock', '',  KC2, FUN, 'alpha'),
             ('Stat', 'List', '',  KC1, FUN, 'stat')],
            [('Math', 'Test', 'A', KC1, FUN, 'math'),    # Row 2
             ('Mtrx', 'Angle','B', KC1, FUN, 'matrix'),
             ('Prgm', 'Draw', 'C', KC1, FUN, 'program'),
             ('Vars', 'YVars','',  KC1, FUN, 'vars'),
             ('Clr',  '',     '',  KC1, FUN, 'clear')],        
            [('X-1',  'Abs',  'D', KC1, FUN, 'X1'),      # Row 3
             ('Sin',  'Sin-1','E', KC1, FUN, 'sin'),
             ('Cos',  'Cos-1','F', KC1, FUN, 'cos'),
             ('Tan',  'Tan-1','G', KC1, FUN, 'tan'),
             ('^',    'PI',   'H', KC1, FUN, 'up')],
            [('X2',   'Root', 'I', KC1, FUN, 'X2'),      # Row 4
             (',',    'EE',   'J', KC1, KEY, ','),
             ('(',    '{',    'K', KC1, KEY, '('),
             (')',    '}',    'L', KC1, KEY, ')'),
             ('/',    '',     'M', KC4, KEY, '/')],
            [('Log',  '10x',  'N', KC1, FUN, 'log'),     # Row 5
             ('7',    'Un-1', 'O', KC2, KEY, '7'),
             ('8',    'Vn-1', 'P', KC2, KEY, '8'),
             ('9',    'n',    'Q', KC2, KEY, '9'),
             ('X',    '[',    'R', KC4, KEY, '*')],
            [('Ln',   'ex',   'S', KC1, FUN, 'ln'),      # Row 6
             ('4',    'L4',   'T', KC2, KEY, '4'),
             ('5',    'L5',   'U', KC2, KEY, '5'),
             ('6',    'L6',   'V', KC2, KEY, '6'),
             ('-',    ']',    'W', KC4, KEY, '-')],
            [('STO',  'RCL',  'X', KC1, FUN, 'store'),   # Row 7
             ('1',    'L1',   'Y', KC2, KEY, '1'),
             ('2',    'L2',   'Z', KC2, KEY, '2'),
             ('3',    'L3',   '',  KC2, KEY, '3'),
             ('+',    'MEM',  '"', KC4, KEY, '+')],
            [('Off',  '',     '',  KC1, FUN, 'off'),     # Row 8
             ('0',    '',     '',  KC2, KEY, '0'),
             ('.',    ':',    '',  KC2, KEY, '.'),
             ('(-)',  'ANS',  '?', KC2, FUN, 'neg'),
             ('Enter','Entry','',  KC4, FUN, 'enter')]]

        self.display = Pmw.ScrolledText(self, hscrollmode='dynamic',
                      vscrollmode='dynamic', hull_relief='sunken',
                      hull_background='gray40', hull_borderwidth=10, 
                      text_background='honeydew4', text_width=16,
                      text_foreground='black', text_height=6,
          text_padx=10, text_pady=10, text_relief='groove',
                      text_font=('arial', 12, 'bold'))
        self.display.pack(side=TOP, expand=YES, fill=BOTH)
        self.display.tag_config('ans', foreground='white')
        self.display.component('text').bind('', self.doKeypress)
        self.display.component('text').bind('', self.doEnter)

        for row in keys:
            rowa = Frame(self, bg='gray40')
            rowb = Frame(self, bg='gray40')
            for p1, p2, p3, color, ktype, func in row:
                if ktype == FUN:
                    a = lambda s=self, a=func: s.evalAction(a)
                else:
                    a = lambda s=self, k=func: s.keyAction(k)
                SLabel(rowa, p2, p3)
                Key(rowb, text=p1, bg=color, command=a)
            rowa.pack(side=TOP, expand=YES, fill=BOTH)
            rowb.pack(side=TOP, expand=YES, fill=BOTH)            
 
class Evaluator:
    def __init__(self):
        self.myNameSpace = {} 
        self.runpython("from math import *")

    def runpython(self, code):
        try:
            return 'eval(code, self.myNameSpace, self.myNameSpace)'
        except SyntaxError:
            try:
                exec code in self.myNameSpace, self.myNameSpace
            except:
                return 'Error'

Calculator().mainloop()

[ Read More ]

A Simple Calculator in Python | Python Example

Here is a Python Program to Demonstrate a Simple Calculator

from Tkinter import *

def frame(root, side): 
    w = Frame(root)
    w.pack(side=side, expand=YES, fill=BOTH)
    return w

def button(root, side, text, command=None): 
    w = Button(root, text=text, command=command) 
    w.pack(side=side, expand=YES, fill=BOTH)
    return w

class Calculator(Frame):
    def __init__(self):
        Frame.__init__(self)
        self.option_add('*Font', 'Verdana 12 bold')
        self.pack(expand=YES, fill=BOTH)
        self.master.title('Simple Calculator')
        self.master.iconname("calc1")

        display = StringVar()
      Entry(self, relief=SUNKEN, 
    textvariable=display).pack(side=TOP, expand=YES, 
      fill=BOTH)

        for key in ("123", "456", "789", "-0."):
            keyF = frame(self, TOP)
            for char in key:
                button(keyF, LEFT, char,
                       lambda w=display, c=char: w.set(w.get() + c))

        opsF = frame(self, TOP)
        for char in "+-*/=":
            if char == '=':
                btn = button(opsF, LEFT, char)
                btn.bind('',
                         lambda e, s=self, w=display: s.calc(w), '+')
            else:
                btn = button(opsF, LEFT, char,
                   lambda w=display, s=' %s '%char: w.set(w.get()+s))

        clearF = frame(self, BOTTOM)
        button(clearF, LEFT, 'Clr', lambda w=display: w.set(''))

    def calc(self, display):
        try:
            display.set('eval(display.get())')
        except:
            display.set("ERROR")

if __name__ == '__main__':
    Calculator().mainloop()

[ Read More ]

Python program to Match two Strings

seq1 = "spam" 
seq2 = "scam" 

res = []                                
for x in seq1:                          
    if x in seq2:                       
        res.append(x)                   
print res 

[ Read More ]

Python Program to perform Output Formatting

Here is a Python Program to perform Output Formatting

#!/usr/bin/python

import random

# Using the back ticks, which convert to string.
for n in range(0,5):
    a = random.randrange(0, 101)
    b = random.randrange(0, 201)
    print `a` + '+' + `b`, '=', `a+b`
print

# Using the % operator, similar to printf.
for n in range(0,5):
    a = random.randrange(0, 101)
    b = random.randrange(0, 201)
    print '%d+%d = %d' % (a, b, a + b)
print

# % allows field sizes as well.
for n in range(0,5):
    a = random.randrange(-100, 101)
    b = random.randrange(-50, 201)
    print '%4d + %4d = %4d' % (a, b, a + b)
print

# Some other formatting.
dribble = { 'onion' : 1.4,
            'squash' : 2.02,
            'carrots' : 1.0,
            'pixie toenails' : 43.22,
            'lemon drops' : .75 }
for n in dribble.keys():
    print '%-15s %6.2f' % (n + ':', dribble[n])

[ Read More ]

Python Program to demonstrate IF Statement

Here is a Python Program to demonstrate IF Statement

#!/usr/bin/python
#
# Python program to generate a random number with commentary.
#

# Import is much like Java's.  This gets the random number generator.
import random

# Generate a random integer in the range 10 to 49.
i = random.randrange(10,50)
print 'Your number is', i

# Carefully analyze the number for important properties.
if i < 20:
    print "That is less than 20."
    if i % 3 == 0:
        print "It is divisible by 3."
elif i == 20:
    print "That is exactly twenty.  How nice for you."
else:
    if i % 2 == 1:
        print "That is an odd number."
    else:
        print "That is twice", i / 2, '.'
    print "Wow! That's more than 20!"

[ Read More ]

Python Program to show the List Operation

Python Program to show the List Operation

#!/usr/bin/python

# Several other operations on lists.

fred = [ 'Alice', 'goes', 'to', 'market' ]
print 'A:', fred

fred.extend([ 'with', 'Mike' ])
print 'B:', fred

last = fred.pop()
fred.append('Fred')

print 'C:', fred

print 'So much for Mike.'
print 'There are', len(fred), 'items in fred.'
print 'The word market is located at position', fred.index('market')

fred = [ 'On', 'Tuesday,' ] + fred
print 'D:', fred

fred.reverse()
print 'E:', fred

fred.sort()
print 'F:', fred

[ Read More ]

Program to demonstrate List in Python

Program to demonstrate List in Python

#!/usr/bin/python

# A python list.
fred = [ 'The', 'answer', 'to', 'your', 'question', 'is', 24 ]
print 'A:', fred

# Subscript, as strings.  Returns an item from the list.
print 'B:', fred[0], fred[2], fred[6], fred[-1], fred[-4]

# Ranges create a "slice" -- a sublist.
print 'C:', fred[2:5], fred[-6:-3], fred[4:5], fred[3:3]

# Individual items may be replaced.
fred[1] = 'response'
fred[-1] = fred[-1] + 200
fred[-3] = 'query'
print 'D:', fred

# Assignment to slices is allowed, and can change the list size.
fred[0:2] = [ 'An', 'unlikely', 'answer' ]
fred[-1:-1] = [ 'a', 'conservative' ]
print 'E:', fred

# Sublists are allowed.
mike = [ 3, 4, ['and', 'also', 'a'], 52]
print 'F:', mike
mike[0] = [2, '+', 1]
mike[2] = 11
print 'G:', mike

fred[1:3] = [fred[1:3]]
fred[-1:] = [mike]
print 'H:', fred

print 'Fred has', len(fred), 'entries.'

[ Read More ]

String Operation in Python Language.

Here is a Python Program to Demonstrate the String Operation

#!/usr/bin/python

# Use brackets for string subscripting and substrings.
bozon = 'Cheer for Friday'
#        0123456789012345

# Index at zero.
print bozon[0], bozon[1], bozon[15]

# You may not use [] on the left of an assignment, however.

# Use the colon to describe ranges.  The last character is not part of the
# range.
print bozon[0:5] + ", " + bozon[0:6] + bozon[10:16] + '!'

# Defaults to first and last.
print bozon[:5] + ", " + bozon[:6] + bozon[10:] + '!'

# The * operator repeats strings (like x in perl).
print bozon[:6] * 3 + '!'

# Negatives index back from the right, the rightmost character being -1.
print bozon[-1] + ' ' + bozon[-10:-6]

[ Read More ]

Python Program to demonstrate String Operation

Here is a Python Program to demonstrate String Operation

#!/usr/bin/python

# Strings have various escapes.
print "Hi\nth\ere,\thow \141\x72\145\x20you?"

# Raw strings ignore them.
print r"Hi\nth\ere,\thow \141\x72\145\x20you?"

print

# Very useful when building file paths on Windows.  
badpath = 'C:\that\new\stuff.txt';
print badpath
path = r'C:\that\new\stuff.txt';
print path

[ Read More ]

Program to show String operation in Python

Here is a Python Program to String concatenate.

#!/usr/bin/python

# Strings in single quotes.
s1 = 'I\'m single'

# Double quotes are the same.  You just have to end with the same character
# you started with, and you don't have to escape the other one.
s2 = "I'm double double"

# You can create multi-line strings with triple quotes (triple double quotes
# work, too.)  The newlines stay in the string.
s3 = '''I'm very long-winded and I really need
to take up more than one line.  That way I can say all the very
`important' things which I must tell you.  Strings like me are useful
when you must print a long set of instructions, etc.'''

# String literals may be concatinated by a space.
s4 = 'left' "right" 'left'

# Any string expression may be concatinated by a + (Java style).
s5 = s1 + "\n" + s2

print s5 + '\n' + s3, "\n", s4

print 's5 has', len(s5), 'characters'

[ Read More ]

Python Program for Simple Numeric Calculation

Here is a Python Program for Simple Numeric Calculation

#!/usr/bin/python
# Some calculations.  Note the lack of semicolons.  Statements end at the end
# of the line.  Also, variables need not start with a special symbol as in
# perl and some other Unix-bred languages.
fred = 18
barney = FRED = 44;                     # Case sensistive.
bill = (fred + barney * FRED - 10)
alice = 10 + bill / 100                 # Integer division truncates
frank = 10 + float(bill) / 100
print "fred = ", fred
print "bill = ", bill
print "alice = ", alice
print "frank = ", frank 
print

# Each variable on the left is assigned the corresponding value on the right.
fred, alice, frank = 2*alice, fred - 1, bill + frank
print "fred = ", fred
print "alice = ", alice
print "frank = ", frank 
print

# Exchange w/o a temp.
fred, alice = alice, fred
print "fred = ", fred
print "alice = ", alice
print

# Python allows lines to be continued by putting a backslash at the end of
# the first part.  
fred = bill + alice + frank - \
       barney
print "fred =", fred
print

# The compiler will also combine lines when the line break in contained
# in a grouping pair, such as parens.
joe = 3 * (fred +
        bill - alice)
print "joe =", fred

[ Read More ]

"Guess the Number" Game in Python

"Guess the Number" Game

import random

guesses_made = 0

name = raw_input('Hello! What is your name?\n')

number = random.randint(1, 20)
print 'Well, {0}, I am thinking of a number between 1 and 20.'.format(name)

while guesses_made < 6:

    guess = int(raw_input('Take a guess: '))

    guesses_made += 1

    if guess < number:
        print 'Your guess is too low.'

    if guess > number:
        print 'Your guess is too high.'

    if guess == number:
        break

if guess == number:
    print 'Good job, {0}! You guessed my number in {1} guesses!'.format(name, guesses_made)
else:
    print 'Nope. The number I was thinking of was {0}'.format(number)

[ Read More ]

Prime numbers sieve w/fancy generators

Here is a Python Program to show Prime numbers sieve w/fancy generators

import itertools

def iter_primes():
     # an iterator of all numbers between 2 and +infinity
     numbers = itertools.count(2)

     # generate primes forever
     while True:
         # get the first number from the iterator (always a prime)
         prime = numbers.next()
         yield prime

         # this code iteratively builds up a chain of
         # filters...slightly tricky, but ponder it a bit
         numbers = itertools.ifilter(prime.__rmod__, numbers)

for p in iter_primes():
    if p > 1000:
        break
    print p

[ Read More ]

Python Program to Solve 8 Queen Problem

Here is a Python Program to Solve 8 Queen Problem

BOARD_SIZE = 8

def under_attack(col, queens):
    left = right = col

    for r, c in reversed(queens):
        left, right = left - 1, right + 1

        if c in (left, col, right):
            return True
    return False

def solve(n):
    if n == 0:
        return [[]]

    smaller_solutions = solve(n - 1)

    return [solution+[(n,i+1)]
        for i in xrange(BOARD_SIZE)
            for solution in smaller_solutions
                if not under_attack(i+1, solution)]
for answer in solve(BOARD_SIZE):
    print answer

[ Read More ]

Python Porgram to Demonstrate Time, conditionals, from..import, for..else

Here is a Python Program to Demonstrate  Time, conditionals, from..import, for..else

from time import localtime

activities = {8: 'Sleeping',
              9: 'Commuting',
              17: 'Working',
              18: 'Commuting',
              20: 'Eating',
              22: 'Resting' }

time_now = localtime()
hour = time_now.tm_hour

for activity_time in sorted(activities.keys()):
    if hour < activity_time:
        print activities[activity_time]
        break
else:
    print 'Unknown, AFK or sleeping!'

[ Read More ]

Python Command line arguments, exception handling

This program adds up integers in the command line

#!/usr/bin/env python
# This program adds up integers in the command line
import sys
try:
    total = sum(int(arg) for arg in sys.argv[1:])
    print 'sum =', total
except ValueError:
    print 'Please supply integer arguments'

[ Read More ]

Easiest way to learn python.

Python is more popular than ever, and is being used everywhere from back-end web servers, to
front-end game development, and everything in between. Python is a true general purpose
language and is quickly becoming a must-have tool in the arsenal of any self-respecting
programmer.

But Python isn’t popular just because it’s popular. It is easy to learn, reads like pseudo-code, and
is intensively agile. However, learning any new language can be a daunting task, and finding the
right places and people to learn from is half the battle. That’s where this guide can help. This can
be a blueprint for making Python easy, fun and rewarding to learn.

Assignment-1: Start with basics
At the time of this writing, there are two main versions of Python in circulation: Python 2.7 and
Python 3.2. Which you choose to learn really doesn’t matter too much, as the differences will be
minimal especially to a beginner. But you should know that, while Python 2 has far, far more 3rd
party support, Python 3 is the primary focus of the developers designing the language. The
choice is yours, but if your code acts differently to any given tutorial, make sure you use the
same Python version used in the tutorial.

Wikibooks’ Tutorial for Python (http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Python_Programming)
A Wiki book is always a great source to learn something new, and Python is no exception. Here
you will find a solid and to the point series of guides that will teach you the ropes of Python. It
doesn’t get too technical, and you can jump into coding something somewhat useful and
rewarding pretty quickly. Because of this, I recommend this site as the best place to start on your
Python journey.

Official Python book (http://docs.python.org/tutorial/)
You won’t find a better source of information than the official python.org documentation.
However, if you want to jump right in, as I’m sure many of you will, this might not be the best
place to start.
The content tends to be more technical than wiki books, which will be helpful later on as you
progress through the language. But, for a beginner, it may just get in the way of what really is a
very simple and beautiful language.
For beginners, the biggest difference between Python 2 and Python 3 will most likely be that
Python 2 can use print without parentheses. Python 3 requires parentheses, but that’s all.



Assignment 2: Tutorials and Screencasts

Official audio video python materials (http://www.python.org/doc/av/)
There is a growing body of podcasts, screen casts and video presentations for the Python
community. This page collects some of the best and provides a roadmap to the rest. The place
can point to some of the best resources of the python audio video talks such as ShowMeDo
which is an aggregation of screencasts presented by a diverse set of instructors, all hosted at
ShowMeDo. The site offers a wiki and forum, for Python source examples and follow-up with the
instructors, as well as a reviewing/rating and screencast future request system. The other source
is Best Tech videos on Net or BTV in short, is a feed aggregator of screencasts and videos from
various other sites including ShowMeDo. They cover many more topics other than Python but is
a good place to find Python instructional materials from across the web.

Google videos (http://www.youtube.com/user/GoogleTalksArchive)
Pretty much the ultimate video storage site in general, Google talks archive offer a few good
quality lectures about Python, if you search carefully. Some lectures by Guido van Rossum
himself the creator of Python programming language.

Assignment 3: Free e-books
It is hard to beat a good book when you are trying to learn something new, and with the great
community that has developed around the Python language, there is a plethora of free high
quality e-books to choose from. Below is a quick list of some of the best. You can download a
free e-book version for each of them, or you can choose to buy the physical book (or donate) if
you want to support the author, which I’m sure they would greatly appreciate.

Dive into Python (http://www.diveintopython.net/)
Dive into Python is a free Python book for beginners and as well as experienced programmers.
You can read the book online, or download it in a variety of formats. It is also available
in multiple languages.


Learn Python the hard way (http://learnpythonthehardway.org/)
Despite the name, Learn Python the Hard Way makes learning Python incredibly easy—the way
it’s meant to be! In this book, Zed A. Shaw works from the ground up giving you a detailed and
comprehensive guide to Python without getting in your way of the actual coding. Shaw is
informal but thorough, making the book an easy but rewarding read.

How to think like a computer scientist
http://www.greenteapress.com/thinkpython/thinkpython.html
You won’t find a better source of information than the official python.org documentation.
As the sub title might suggest, “How to think like a computer scientist”, Think Python stays a
little more towards the theoretical side of things. This may prove a little frustrating for a total
beginner, but the book is well worth the read in regards to algorithm theory and high level
concepts.

Invent with Python (http://inventwithpython.com/)
If ‘learning by doing’ is your thing, then building your own game will prove to be a rewarding
experience! In this book, Al Sweigart assumes no prior knowledge of Python and takes you all
the way to building your own game. Given that the book is geared towards game development,
the book may move a little quickly for a total beginner. Later on in this article, I mention a similar
book of his where he assumes a prior knowledge of Python. If you feel you are have a good
grasp of the language, and then his other book might be a better resource for you.

The Django book (https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.4/)
If you want to learn Python for web development, then you’re probably going to be using the
Django framework. This book assumes fluency in Python, but it teaches Django as if you are a
beginner to the framework. The Django Book is as good as they come and will be invaluable for
any budding web developer.

Python books (http://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonBooks)
If you don’t have enough to read yet, or want a book on a specific topic, then you should follow
this link. The folks over at python.org have compiled an extensive list of books, sorted by
difficulty and topic.



Assignment 4: Get familiar with StackOverflow
Thousands of developers have experienced every problem that you are bound to face.
StackOverflow is a great resource where developers find solutions to their problems. When you
happen upon an error that you’re not sure how to fix, search StackOverflow. You will more than
likely find a solution and how other people solved their problem.
But StackOverflow isn’t just full of ‘newbie’ errors and problems; there are some really clever and
helpful people that use the site – learn from them. Take a look at the Hidden features of Python
thread, for example. Many of the tips and tricks you see here may not be covered in many formal
tutorials, but they will be extremely helpful for intermediate to advanced Python users.

Assignment 5: Project Euler (http://projecteuler.net/)
Project Euler (pronounced ‘Oil-er’, to save you some embarrassment later on) is one of my
favorite websites. After making an account, you can work through nearly 400 problems on the
website. Each problem is about 50% mathematics and 50% programming and, in my opinion,
the most rewarding way to learn more of either subject.

The problems start off easy to test your knowledge of the language, but grow in difficulty to
challenge even the most seasoned programmers. Eventually, the difficulty of the problems will
force you to find the most efficient algorithm – that is if you don’t want to wait hours to
compute the answer.

Nothing will turn you into a programming wizard more quickly than pushing yourself for the
fastest and most efficient solutions to the Project Euler problems. When you crack a new
problem, you gain access to that problem’s forum thread where many people discuss their
solutions and ideas with one another. Many of the solutions in later pages of the thread will be
in Python. This is really the key to growing your programming prowess. If there is someone with
a solution that is faster than yours, take the time to analyze it to see where you could improve
your own solution. Over time, you will pick up all the tricks of the trade and grow your Python
knowledge in a meaningful and rewarding way.

Additionally, there are also some really great blogs that work through the Project Euler
problems in Python. In fact the problems can pose real challenge in learning any programming
language.



Assignment 6: Get to Know Some Common Libraries and Tools
Python is a general purpose language that can do almost anything; so, of course, there is a
seemingly endless supply of libraries and tools out there. Here are some of the most popular.

PyPy (http://pypy.org/)
PyPy is a fast, compliant alternative implementation of the Python language (2.7.2). It has
several advantages and distinct features. If you are doing some CPU intensive work, and you find
that Python is proving itself to be a bottleneck, then maybe you need PyPy. PyPy is an
alternative compiler for Python that can really speed up your processing.

Numpy + Scipy (http://numpy.scipy.org/)
NumPy is the fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. These two usually go
hand in hand (SciPy is dependent NumPy). If you are doing some serious number crunching for
mathematical or scientific research, then these two libraries will be your best friends. NumPy
and SciPy extend the mathematical functions and capabilities of Python and can greatly speed
up some of your tasks.

BeautifulSoup (http://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup/)
BeautifulSoup really is beautiful. If you need to scrape a HTML page for some information, you
will know all too well the frustration and hair loss that it can bring. BeautifulSoup will do all this
for you and add years to your life. Highly recommended and fun to play around with.

Python Image Library (http://www.pythonware.com/products/pil/)
The Python Image Library (PIL) is an extensive library that is great for anything to do with
images. If you need to manipulate an image, chances are PIL can do it for you.

Django (https://www.djangoproject.com/)
As mentioned previously in the article, the Django framework is what you will probably use if
your aim is web development. It is the most common web framework for Python and also has
the most learning resources available.

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